- AIDS is now more than a quarter-century old. The disease
has killed 20 million people worldwide, and it is estimated that 40 million
more are infected with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), the virus that
causes AIDS.
-
- Ask your physician where AIDS came from and he or she
will probably tell you the epidemic started when monkeys or chimps in the
African bush transferred the AIDS virus (HIV) to a person while butchering
primate meat for food or through an animal bite. For the first two decades
of the epidemic the green monkey theory of AIDS was widely heralded in
the major media, and was accepted without question by leading AIDS experts
and educators. The theory was so universally popular (except in Africa)
that it easily became fact in the minds of most people.
-
-
- Robert Gallo, M.D., and the Green Monkey Theory
-
- The AIDS virus was first discovered by Robert Gallo at
the National Cancer Institute in April 1984. Shortly thereafter Luc Montagnier
of the Pasteur Institute in Paris claimed that he (and not Gallo) had first
discovered the AIDS virus. A bitter lawsuit followed, which was finally
settled privately in 1987 through the intervention of the French Premier
and President Ronald Reagan. To this day, the two 'co-discoverers' of HIV
continue to disagree about the origin of HIV and the birthplace of AIDS.
-
- In Montagnier's book, Virus (2000), he states: "The
origin of the epidemic remains a mystery, and the virus seems older than
the epidemic" and "it is important to distinguish between the
origins of the virus and that of the (AIDS) epidemic."
-
- The scientific scandal provoked by Gallo's "stealing"
the virus from the French, as well as the ensuing government investigations
into allegations of scientific irregularities and falsification of data
in Gallo's lab, undoubtedly is the reason both scientists have never received
a Nobel Prize for their discovery of HIV. A highly unsympathetic account
of this scientific mess is provided by Pulitzer prize-winning author John
Crewdson in, Science Fictions; A Scientific Mystery, A Massive Cover-Up,
and the Dark Legacy of Robert Gallo (2002).
-
- Because Gallo is the most powerful and influential AIDS
scientist, his views on the origin of HIV/AIDS have become gospel. He first
called his AIDS virus the "human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus"
because he believed it was closely related to newly discovered cancer-causing
retroviruses. The virus was quickly renamed human T-cell lymphotropic virus-3
(HTLV-3), perhaps to obscure the connection of the AIDS virus to laboratory
cancer viruses, and to downplay any association between cancer (which is
thought to be non-contagious) and AIDS (which is definitely a sexually-transmitted
disease).
-
-
-
-
| Cancer Bacteria in Kaposi's sarcoma. Arrows point to cancer microbes magnified
1000 times in a skin tumor of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma in a 52 year-old,
black, bisexual man. The tissue section is stained with Giemsa stain.
In the insert are bacteria cultured from the KS tumor and identified as
Staphylococcus epidermidis (same magnification). Note how the size and
shape of the variably-sized round (coccus) forms of the bacteria are identical
in size and shape to the bacteria seen in the KS cancer tumor. These bacteria
in Kaposi's are similar to bacteria reported in enlarged lymph nodes in
AIDS, as well as in other AIDS-damaged tissue. Similar bacteria have
also been observed and reported in other forms of cancer, such as lymphoma,
breast cancer, prostate cancer, and others. The finding of similar bacteria
in both cancer and AIDS suggest a close relationship between these two
diseases. Robert Gallo, M.D. says AIDS is an epidemic of cancer. In the
1970s the knowledge achieved by the study of cancer retroviruses helped
lead to the discovery of the AIDS virus in 1984. Unfortunately, the presence
of "cancer microbes" in cancer and AIDS has been totally ignored
by the medical establishment. |
-
-
- Where did Gallo's new virus come from? In the prestigious
journal Science (Jan 4, 1985) it was reported that Gallo's AIDS virus was
most closely related to "slow viruses" (lentiviruses) found in
sheep and goats, particularly the visna virus in sheep, which causes pneumonia,
neurologic changes, and wasting. However, Gallo declared that his virus
was not visna virus, but might be "another animal viruses coming into
man...and this means we have to look more closely at these animals as models
and these types of animal viruses. No one knows if the viruses could have
stemmed from a common viral ancestor hundreds or thousands of years ago,
or if a virus moved between species only decades ago from human exposure
to the virus of sheep or goats."
-
- The idea that HIV was "closely related" to
the sheep visna virus did not last long. The idea of a sheep virus infecting
gay men would have undoubtedly aroused suspicion because the only place
one could find visna was in research labs where visna virus had been seeded
and "adapted" into various animal species, as well as into human
cells, for the two decades prior to the "gay plague."
-
- Gallo, with the help of veterinarian Max Essex of Harvard,
convinced the AIDS experts and the adoring media that AIDS came from green
monkeys. In Gallo's book Virus Hunting [1991], he claims that in 1983 (a
year before his discovery) Ann Giudici Fettner, a free-lance journalist
who had lived in Africa, told him that the virus came from green monkeys
in central Africa. In 1983 the African connection to AIDS was tenuous,
and in Fettner's 1984 book, The Truth About AIDS, she never mentioned green
monkeys and the African origin of AIDS. In fact, on page 44, she emphatically
states: "AIDS started as an American disease."
-
- There are no scientific papers which uphold the green
monkey theory. The monkey out of Africa theory lasted until the late 1990s
when another group of American scientists claimed the virus definitely
originated in a specific species of chimpanzee found in Africa.
-
- The green monkey theory was scientifically doomed from
the very start, although that apparently did not phase the scientists who
undoubtedly wanted to place the blame on the dark continent -- and take
the origin of HIV out of Manhattan, where the first cases were discovered
in 1979, and push the origin to the other side of the world.
-
-
- The Marriage of Cancer Research and Biowarfare in
1971
-
- Whatever the theoretical origin of HIV/AIDS, there is
no doubt that the epidemic started a decade after scientists began "adapting"
massive numbers of cancer-causing and immunosuppressive animal viruses
and transferring them between various animal species in an attempt to experimentally
produce cancer in the laboratory. In the process of these "species-jumping"
experiments, the scientists mixed viruses together, seeded them into the
bodies of various animal species, and planted them into animal and human
cell cultures. In the process myriads of new, laboratory-created mutant,
hybrid and recombinant viruses were created, some of which were exceedingly
dangerous.
-
- These engineered and deadly viruses were obviously of
interest to biowarfare scientists. Donald A MacArthur stated in Congressional
testimony in 1969 that "molecular biology is a field that is advancing
very rapidly and eminent biologists believe that within a period of 5 to
10 years it would be possible to produce a synthetic biological agent,
an agent that does not exist naturally exist and for which no natural immunity
could have been acquired."
-
- The dangers provoked by all these laboratory-created
new virus were well known. At a symposium on leukemia research in 1973,
Danish pathologist J Clemmesen warned that the transmissibility of these
genetically -altered viral agents could cause a world epidemic of cancer
if they escaped from the laboratory. (Gallo has publicly stated AIDS is
an epidemic of cancer.) That same year cancer virologists convened at a
conference entitled "Biohazards in Biological Research" at Asilomar,
California. Despite the risks, it was decided to continue perilous animal
cancer virus experimentation.
-
- People are often surprised to find there is a close relationship
between traditional cancer virus research and biological warfare programs
and experimentation. However, it is a fact that in 1971 President Richard
Nixon, as part of his War On Cancer, combined the U.S. Army's biowarfare
department at Ft. Detrick, Maryland, with the National Cancer Institute.
The army's DNA and genetic engineering programs were coordinated into anti-cancer
research and molecular biology programs. This marriage also cemented the
governmental ties of cancer research to the CIA, the CDC, the World Health
Organization, and private industry.
-
- During this same period the Special Virus Cancer Program
(1968-1980), now largely and conveniently forgotten, was established to
coordinate the search for cancer-causing viruses. The U.S. biological warfare
program is highly secret. This secrecy also surrounds the many scientists
who directly or indirectly contribute to the program. Naturally, there
is no complete record of what this Virus Cancer Program has achieved or
what cancer-causing and immunosuppressive animal cancer viruses were adapted
for biological warfare use and for covert military testing on human populations.(For
more details and 129,000 citations, go to www.google.com and type-in key
words : biological warfare human experimentation.)
-
- A computer PUBMED search employing the key words "U.S.
Army Biological Warfare Program" yields only 44 citations. One entry
(PMID: 11572136) reads: "The United States began its BW program based
on intelligence information and a very thorough evaluation of that information
by a panel of scientists, engineers, medical personnel from a variety of
areas including the military, other government agencies, industry, and
the academic community. Initial efforts were directed toward defense against
BW, but it soon became clear defense required a knowledge of offensive
capabilities. The initial offensive studies started with a definition of
what infectious organisms were available, how they could grow in quantities
to support a munitions program, what kind of facilities were required,
and where they could be positioned. Further studies were then initiated
to design and evaluate testing sites and methodologies to evaluate the
weapons. During all of these phases, concurrent medical and safety programs
were studied, emphasized, and implemented. These studies resulted in the
development of a number of vaccines, toxoids, treatments, therapies, and
facility personnel management. The overall conclusion was that BW, offensive
and defensive, was possible, and efficiencies could be obtained. The work
accomplished by this group of very dedicated military and civilian personnel
at military installations, universities, research institutes, and industrial
organizations presented truly a combined operation with numerous achievements.
Many of the detailed achievements were published in the open scientific,
peer-reviewed journals, and many patents were obtained. The current defensive
program is breaking new scientific ground and there is evidence indicating
that very rapid detection and identification of BW agents is possible and
will be instrumented."
-
- Is it "conspiracy theory" to question whether
a virus "closely related" to HIV was created in any of the many
laboratories contributing to the Special Virus Cancer Program and its connection
to biowarfare research during the 1970s? Could covert human testing of
classified biowarfare agents explain the exclusive "introduction"
of HIV into gay men, the most hated minority in America, via the government-sponsored
experimental hepatitis B experiments that began in Manhattan in New York
City in 1978 -- the year before the onset of the "gay plague."
-
-
- The American Origin of AIDS in 1979
-
- In 1979 the first young white gay men to come down with
"gay-related immunodeficiency disease" was reported to the CDC.
For the first year of the epidemic all the men were from Manhattan. They
were all defined as young, predominantly white, previously healthy, well-educated
and promiscuous.
-
- The Manhattan men were similar in profile to the 1,083
gay men who signed up for the hepatitis B experiment conducted at the New
York Blood Center, also located in Manhattan. The experimental vaccine
was developed in chimpanzees. The injections began in November 1978, and
were concluded a year later. Similar vaccine experiments in gay men were
undertaken in San Francisco, Los Angeles, Denver, St. Louis and Chicago,
beginning in March 1980 and continued until October 1981, a few months
after the epidemic had become "official." (For more details,
google: the hepatitis B vaccine experiment.)
-
- AIDS became official in the U.S. in June 1981. At the
time AIDS was unknown in Africa, and the epidemic did not begin there until
autumn 1982 at the earliest. After Gallo discovered HIV in April 1984,
an HIV blood test was developed and was used on the stored gay blood specimens
deposited at the Center as part of the ongoing experiment and follow-up.
In 1980, a year before the epidemic became official, already 20% of the
men's blood in the experiment were HIV-positive. By 1983, 30% of the men
were positive; by 1984, 40%.
-
- AIDS scientists repeatedly claim HIV was lurking in Africa
for decades, centuries, even millennia, before the epidemic. But there
was no "incubation period" in America.
-
- As soon as large numbers of gay people came out of the
closet and signed up for government experiments, the gay community was
doomed. Not only was one virus (HIV) "introduced" into the homosexual
population, but two additional "mycoplasma" bacteria-like agents
and a new herpes virus as well. In addition, I wrote in books and medical
journals that "cancer-causing bacteria" were also operative in
AIDS, but all my research linking AIDS to cancer remains ignored by the
AIDS establishment. (For full details and 458 citations: google: "alan
cantwell" +bacteria +AIDS.)
-
-
- "Gay Cancer": A mystery wrapped in an enigma
-
- Three years before HIV was discovered, my research uncovering
bacteria in Kaposi's sarcoma was published. KS became widely known as the
"gay cancer" associated with AIDS. In the late 1970s, as a dermatologist,
I studied the cancerous tissue of three elderly, presumably straight married
men with KS, a very rare skin cancer that few physicians had ever seen.
I identified bacteria in the cancerous tissue; and bacteria were cultured
from skin biopsies. When the first gay men with KS appeared in my office,
I studied their skin tumors for bacteria. A PUBMED computer search lists
7 of my research papers published in medical journals between the years
1981-1986 showing bacteria in the KS lesions of straight and gay men with
KS and AIDS, in the enlarged lymph nodes of "AIDS-related complex",
and in two autopsy studies showing bacteria in the internal organs of a
straight man who died of KS before the epidemic, and a gay man who died
of KS and AIDS.
-
My bacterial research showed
a close relationship of AIDS to cancer. This research is included in my
books, AIDS:The Mystery & the Solution (1984), and The Cancer Microbe
(1990). When Gallo was asked about my KS research in a published interview
by James D'Eramo in 1984, he ignored the question. When asked why only
homosexuals were the first victims of AIDS, he replied: "Because they
were exposed." To this day Gallo and Montagnier refuse to acknowledge
any aspect of this research.
-
- In 1993, Shyh-Ching Lo of the Armed Forces Institute
of Pathology reported the finding of 2 different infectious agents in the
blood, urine and KS tumors of AIDS patients. At first, he thought the microbes
were viruses, but later determined they were actually very small forms
of bacteria called "mycoplasmas." After Lo's discovery, the Army
quickly took out patents on his infectious agents, which he calls Mycoplasma
fermentens and M. penetrans. My KS research was never mentioned in any
of his papers.
-
- In 1994, a new infectious and sexually-transmitted herpes
virus called "human herpes virus-8" was proclaimed to be the
agent causing all pre-AIDS and AIDS-related KS. This virus is now widely
accepted as the sole cause. I thought it rather strange that there was
never any evidence that KS was transmissible before AIDS, and that a "new"
virus could cause a rare cancerous disease that has been around since the
1870s.
-
- Montagnier thinks mycoplasmas might be a necessary "co-factor"
which accelerates the progression of HIV infection in AIDS patients. He
also believes antibiotic therapy along with antiviral therapy is better
treatment for AIDS. Where did these new mycoplasmas come from? Where did
HIV come from? Offering homophobic explanations and no evidence in his
Virus book, the French virologist theorizes that American gay tourists
brought back these agents from Africa to the U.S.
-
- Evidence of blood infection with the new KS human herpes
virus-8 is now present in as many as 40% of men with prostate cancer. In
Texas, 15% of normal blood donors now test positive for the virus. This
means the virus is in the American blood supply; and blood is not screened
for the virus. Where did the "new" herpes virus come from? A
"close relative" is the Herpes saimiri virus of squirrel monkeys,
a virus that was extensively passed around in the Special Virus Cancer
Program.
-
-
- Chimpanzees and the Polio Vaccine Theory of AIDS
-
In 1999 the publication
of The River: A Journey to the Source of HIV and AIDS, by journalist Edward
Hooper, received widespread media attention. Hooper theorizes that HIV
was introduced into Africans via chimp virus-contaminated polio vaccine
programs in the late 1950s. His massive book does not adequately explain
why it took 30 years for the epidemic to appear in Africa, nor how a sexually-transmitted
disease in black Africans in the early 1980s could have transformed itself
into a white gay man's disease in New York City in the late 1970s. Furthermore,
there are no HIV-positive tissue or blood specimens from Africa from the
1960s and 1970s, and no proven cases of AIDS either, to indicate HIV was
"incubating" in the African population. Hooper quickly dismisses
the claims of Robert Strecker, the first physician whistle-blower of man-made
AIDS, as well as the man-made research in my own two books on the man-made
origin: AIDS & The Doctors of Death, and Queer Blood.
-
- By predating his polio vaccine theory back to the late
1950s, Hooper greatly simplified his theory of AIDS origin. He ignores
all the primate/simian viruses that were placed into human tissue in the
60s and 70s, and all those genetically altered viruses for cancer research,
vaccine research, and secret biological warfare.
-
-
- The chimp in the freezer at Fort Detrick
-
- On February 1, 1999 Lawrence K Altman, M.D, longtime
AIDS-writer for The New York Times, dutifully reported "the riddle
of the origin of the AIDS virus has apparently been solved." A team
of researchers, headed by Beatrice Hahn at the University of Alabama, performed
viral studies on three chimps in the African wild and studied the frozen
remains of a chimp, discovered by accident in a freezer at the Army's biowarfare
center at Fort Detrick. The chimp had tested positive for HIV in 1985.
On the basis of this research, Hahn declared that a common subspecies of
chimp (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) was the animal source of the virus
"most closely" related to HIV. In a media blitz U.S. government
scientists presented a phylogenetic ancestral "family tree" of
primate viruses (which few people could understand) to prove that HIV was
genetically descended from a chimp virus in the African bush.
-
- Hahn theorizes the epidemic could have started when a
hunter became infected by cutting himself while butchering chimp meat.
Back in the 1980s Hahn worked in Gallo's lab, and like Gallo she ignores
the entire history of animal cancer virus laboratory transfers in the decades
preceding AIDS, as well as the fact that chimp kidneys were transplanted
into humans back in the 1960s in New York City. Another big problem is
that after scientists pump viruses into captive lab chimps in laboratories
in the U.S. and Africa, they sometimes release them back into the wild.
Obviously, the mix of lab animal viruses with viruses in the wild make
the determination of viral "ancestry" somewhat iffy.
-
- AIDS scientists totally accepted Hahn's notion that HIV
jumped species from chimps to humans back in the 1930s to start the epidemic.
The media again explained this was the first time that primate viruses
had jumped species "naturally," again failing to mention all
the millions of people around the world who had the primate/simian SV40
virus injected into them along with their polio shot.
-
- How accurate and meaningful is the ancestry of all these
animal retroviruses? Do words used by scientists to compare different viruses,
such as "closely related" and "distally related" (meaning
related far from the point of origin) really tell us how a suspected primate
virus like HIV got into the human population? For example, it is widely
reported in scientific circles that no two HIV viruses are exactly alike.
This is because HIV mutates readily and takes on some of the molecular
components of the cells it invades. When it comes to viral "relationships"
the only absolutely identical HIV viruses in scientific history was the
virus presented by Gallo as his discovery, and the virus presented by Montagnier
as his discovery. The genetic evidence indicated it was impossible for
these two scientists to have discovered identical viruses on two different
continents, even though Gallo insisted his virus was not the same as Montagnier's.
Thus, the lawsuit.
-
- The moral of this story is: If the two most highly respected
AIDS scientists cannot agree on the ancestry of identical twin viruses,
then how can we be sure when they tell us which virus is related to which
virus -- particularly when many engineered laboratory viruses are not even
recorded and entered into so-called virus banks or registries which are
used to compare the genetic make-up of "known" viruses. Let's
face it, if your old ancestors are not recorded in a book somewhere, you
will never find them as ancestors.
-
-
- The Origin of AIDS Conference, London, 2000
-
- In October 2000 the Royal Society of London held a two-day
conference on the origins of HIV. Needless to say, the man-made theory
was not discussed. One professor emphatically declared: "All human
infectious diseases have an animal origin." Hooper's polio theory
was totally discredited; and Hahn's new chimp theory, dating HIV back to
the 1930s, was acclaimed.
-
- The "Last Word" at the conference was that
"all human viral infections were initially zoonotic (animal) in origin.
Animals will always provide a reservoir for viruses that could threaten
human populations in the future." The scientists predicted: "There
is still a myriad of current unknown viruses in animal populations on land,
sea, and air with the potential to cause human disease." But what
about the millions of dangerous virus created in animal laboratories? That
was never considered.
-
- A person cannot contract AIDS from a monkey or chimp
-
- In the July 2000 issue of Lancet, virologist and primatologist
Preston Marx states: "There is no evidence that a person can contract
AIDS from a monkey or chimpanzee". According to Marx, research shows
humans were infected with SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus) in Africa
and that these SIV infections were the root origin of HIV. Therefore SIV
is the monkey ancestor virus of HIV. And Marx has no doubt that HIV originated
from SIV in African non-human primates.
-
- AIDS educators often claim that AIDS is a "zoonosis",
meaning a disease of animals that can be transmitted to humans, but Marx
says this assumption is incorrect. AIDS as a zoonosis would mean that humans
had contracted not only an SIV infection from a monkey or a chimp, but
that they also eventually became sick with AIDS from the monkey virus infection.
We have not established that AIDS is a zoonosis (meaning a disease people
catch from monkeys). He further declares "We do not know what launches
animal viruses to become epidemic in humans. There may be a social, viral-genetic
or immunologic basis for new epidemics. We do not have this answer for
the AIDS epidemic, but we do know that HIV originated from simian species."
-
- In a more recent October 2004 article "AIDS as a
zoonosis? Confusion over the origin of the virus and the origin of the
epidemic", Marx and his colleagues further speculate that HIV (derived
from a primate) in the 1950s in Africa could have been made more dangerous
and transmissible by dirty needles used in vaccine programs, as well as
contaminated blood transfusions. The repeated passage from human-to-human
(so called "serial passage") via SIV virus-contaminated needles
could have transformed a harmless SIV in humans to the deadly and genetically-changed
HIV virus causing AIDS.
-
- Human exposure to SIV is thousands of years old, but
AIDS merged only in the 20th century. Marx never suggests that contaminated
vaccines, rather than needles, could have initiated the African epidemic.
However, if AIDS does not qualify as a zoonosis, I interpret this to mean
that Hahn's "cut hunter theory" could not account for the explosion
of HIV/AIDS in Africa in the 1980s. Finally, Marx's team suggests that
more "research is needed to understand the processes by which animal
viruses cause sustained human-to-human transmission, epidemics and even
pandemics. Much is known about emerging viruses, but almost nothing is
known about emerging viral diseases."
-
-
- WHO Murdered Africa?
-
- Apparently forgotten, ignored, or unknown by Marx was
a similar vaccine and needle scenario reported on May 11, 1987, on the
front-page of The London Times, entitled "Smallpox vaccine triggered
AIDS virus." Science editor Pierce Wright suggested that African AIDS
was a direct result of the World Health Organization's smallpox eradication
program conducted in the 1970s. The smallpox vaccine allegedly awakened
a "dormant" AIDS virus infection in the black population. Gallo
was quoted as saying, "The link between the WHO program and the epidemic
is an interesting and important hypothesis. I cannot say that it actually
happened, but I have been saying for some years that the use of live vaccines
such as that used for smallpox can activate a dormant infection such as
HIV (the AIDS virus)."
-
- The Times report is one of the most important stories
ever printed on the AIDS epidemic; yet the story was killed and never appeared
in any major U.S. newspaper or magazine. However, the report is widely
circulated on the internet as evidence to suggest that AIDS appeared in
Africa via accidental or deliberate vaccine contamination with the AIDS
virus. (Google: WHO murdered Africa).
-
- Kenyan ecologist and biologist Wangari Maathai was obviously
aware of this vaccine connection when she won the Nobel Peace Prize in
October 2004, and shocked reporters by claiming the AIDS virus was a deliberately
created biological agent developed by evil-minded scientists and released
in Africa to cause mass extermination of blacks.
-
- In Magic Shots [1982], Allan Chase claims that during
the years 1966-1977, the WHO utilized "200,000 people in forty countries
-- most of them non-doctors trained by seven hundred doctors and health
professionals from over seventy participating countries -- spent $300 million,
and used forty million bifurcated vaccinating needles to administer 24,000
million (2.4 billion) doses of smallpox vaccine." This is also proof
of extensive needle re-use.
-
- There is absolutely no evidence to show that large numbers
of African blacks were "incubating" HIV, or any other primate/simian
virus before the outbreak. This is why the out of Africa idea is theory
and not fact.
-
- Despite this lack of evidence, the monkey/chimp and primate/simian
origin of HIV/AIDS is a well-accepted scientific theory. In contrast, the
man-made "introduction" of HIV in the late 1970s is condemned
as "conspiracy theory". Although taboo, the man-made theory refuses
to go away, and is alive and well on the internet. A google search, using
the key words "man made origin of AIDS," will elicit 1,220,000
citations to various web sites.
-
-
- HIV: Out of Africa? Or out of a virus laboratory?
-
- Precise answers to how AIDS originated depends on which
"expert" you ask. Montagnier points to the United States and
gay men as the source of the virus. Could the virus have been transmitted
from chimpanzees to humans? Montagnier says yes. But, he adds, humans could
have transmitted the virus to the chimpanzees! How could humans have transmitted
the virus to chimps? Unfortunately, the Frenchman did not elaborate on
this.
-
- Could HIV be a primate/simian virus originating in a
virus laboratory ? Such questions are never seriously proposed or answered
by virologists. However, well-known to insiders are the embarrassing contamination
problems with primate viruses which have plagued Gallo's lab at the NCI
and Essex's lab at Harvard.
-
- A case in point is Gallo's reported 1975 "discovery"
of a "new" and "human" virus reported in scientific
journals as "HL-23." This virus was eventually proven to be not
one, but three different ape viruses (gibbon-ape virus, simian sarcoma
virus and baboon endogenous virus). Gallo claims he has no idea how these
viruses contaminated his research.
-
- Essex, who along with Gallo heavily promoted the erroneous
green monkey theory, had similar woes. In 1986 he announced the discovery
of a "new" human AIDS virus (HTLV-4). This "human"
virus bore a striking similarity to a monkey retrovirus known as STLV-3.
In February 1988, the mystery was solved. Essex's new "human"
HTLV-4 virus turned out to be a monkey virus that accidentally contaminated
Essex's human blood samples. The source of the monkey contamination was
traced back to blood samples from a monkey that was experimentally infected
by an AIDS-like virus at the New England Regional Primate Research Center
in Southborough, Massachusetts. Carol Mulder of the University of Massachusetts
Medical School cautioned: "This episode should serve as a strong warning
for all virologists to check any newly discovered viruses against viruses
present in the laboratory."
-
- In the decade before AIDS broke out in gay men, Essex
created "cat AIDS" in a series of experiments. In 1974, chimpanzee
AIDS was also created deliberately by feeding heavily virus-contaminated
cows' milk to newborn chimps. For the very first time, veterinarians were
able to produce leukemia in chimps, as well as a lung infection, later
known as the "gay pneumonia" of AIDS. As Montagnier should be
aware, human cancerous tissue and blood was routinely injected into primates
as part of the Special Virus Cancer Program. Mysterious AIDS-like illnesses
also occurred in primate laboratories a few years before AIDS. And chimp
viruses also jumped species back in the 1960s when chimp kidneys were experimentally
transplanted into humans.
-
- We are informed that the AIDS epidemic is the result
of a primate virus jumping species for the first time. However, polio vaccines
given to millions of people in the 50s and 60s were heavily contaminated
with a cancer-causing monkey virus called SV-40 (simian virus 40). Over
the decades various studies indicate this virus is implicated in several
forms of human cancer, although government scientists continue to deny
any association. For a complete analysis of this polio vaccine contamination,
read (or google) The Virus and the Vaccine [2004].
-
- The man-made theory of AIDS proclaims that HIV was introduced
into American gays and African blacks via vaccine programs. Why is this
theory deemed paranoia by the media and the AIDS establishment? Why is
discussionnot allowed? Why have scientists suppressed the extensive history
of animal cancer virus transfer in the decade before AIDS?
-
- Is there a scientific conspiracy to get scientists off
the hook by blaming monkeys in the bush, and gays and Africans, for the
millions of death brought about by the "introduction" of HIV
into the world population? Of course there is. That's why it's The Greatest
Conspiracy Story Ever Told.
-
-
- - Alan Cantwell has writing extensively on the origin
of AIDS and cancer for the past two decades. He is the author of AIDS:
The Mystery and the Solution; AIDS and the Doctors of Death; Queer Blood,
and The Cancer Microbe, all published by Aries Rising Press, Los Angeles,
CA, and available through internet sources. Email:alancantwell@sbcglobal.net
-
-
MONKEY BUSINESS OVER AIDS
By Baffour Ankomah
New African April 1998
Just as we thought the African green monkey theory about the
origin of AIDS was dead and buried, American researchers have
resurrected it by publishing "new evidence" in February which sought to
pin the origins of AIDS on the African monkey via a "1959 blood sample"
taken from "a man in Central Africa". But is this any more reliable than
previous evidence? Baffour Ankomah has put it under the miscroscope and
found it wanting.
The world media had a field day when the story broke on Wednesday 4
February. When AIDS made the fatal leap from ape to man, said the
headline in The Times [of London].
Written by the paper's science editor Nigel Hawkes, the story said in
part: "The point at which AIDS made its fatal leap from ape to man can
now be more accurately fixed after the discovery of the virus in a blood
sample taken from a man in Central Africa in 1959.
"The original source of the HIV-1 virus, responsible for the bulk of
the epidemic, was almost certainly a chimpanzee, from which closely
related viruses have been isolated.
"How HIV-1 got from chimpanzees to man is not known. Close contact
with blood - perhaps while butchering a chimpanzee to eat - could have
been the cause. It would have to happen only once, since the evidence is
that the AIDS epidemic started with a single human case."
It was Professor Max Essex of the Harvard University who first
declared in the mid-1980s that the AIDS virus had jumped over to man
from the "African green monkey". Yet years later, it was proved that
"the first AIDS-like viruses in monkeys had been found by Max Essex in
macaques, a monkey species primarily from Southeast Asia, not Africa",
New African reported in 1990.
Max Essex himself, shamed by his false theory, recanted years later
and admitted that the HIV virus and the monkey virus were so different
from each other that none of them "could have been the ancestor of the
other in a historical past".
Now the debate has moved on. If the African green monkey is not the
culprit, it must "certainly" be the African chimpanzee which, when being
butchered for food, gave the virus to the man butchering it.
"It would have had to happen only once, since the evidence is that
the AIDS epidemic started with a single human case", The Times science
editor Nigel Hawkes wrote on 5 February 1998.
But neither Nigel Hawkes nor the American researchers could tell who
this "single human case" actually was. "A man from Central Africa" was
all they could conjure, leaving people to assume that "this man" coming
from Central Africa could only be African. Thus "proving" that AIDS did
indeed originate from Africa.
But this assumption glosses over the fact that Africa has never been
an island where no foreigners had travelled or lived before. Thus, the
"man from Central Africa" (said to be dead) could have been anybody -
African, foreigner etc - unless the Americans are saying the blood
sample has been proven to be specifically African.
Even then, how could one vouch that "this African man" did not
contract the virus from one of the millions of foreigners who visited or
lived in Central Africa before 1959.
As Dr Rosalind J. Harrison, the Australian-born consultant ophthalmic
surgeon working in Britain wrote in New African in June 1997 (p36-39):
"It is the historical inaccuracies [about the African origin of AIDS]
that are more spectacular. For many centuries before the Portuguese
sailed around the Cape [of Good Hope], powerful West African kingdoms
conducted trade across the Sahara to the Mediterranean, and every year
many thousands of West Africans made the pilgrimage to Mecca.
"On the East African seaboard, there were city states that flourished
on trade between the Central and Southern African kingdoms such as
Monamatapa in Zimbabwe, and Asia as far as Ming dynasty China.
"With the advent of the Portuguese began 400 years of the African
slave trade, during which many millions of Africans were transported to
the New World and Europe, and when African women were regularly raped
from the time of capture.
"Following the demise of the slave trade came the scramble for
Africa, when almost the entire continent was colonised by the European
powers.
"If AIDS was the cause of a tumour as common as Kaposi's sarcoma in
equatorial Africa, the disease would have spread to the rest of the
world hundreds, if not thousands, of years earlier.
"Tourists from the US in the mid-1970s as the means by which AIDS
reached America [is] breathtakingly naive... The Simian Immunodeficiency
Virus (SIV) that have been isolated from monkeys are, like all other
retroviruses, species specific - ie, in nature no monkey retrovirus
normally infects a human or indeed a different species of monkeys, and
there is no monkey reservoir for the HIV...
"[Yet] undeterred, scientists have estimated that SIV mutated into
HIV in the last few decades. Even if such an improbable event did occur,
given the colonial ties and trading links between Africa and Europe,
the virus would have caused an epidemic in Europe at the same time as,
or before, the epidemic in the US. Yet all the documented evidence
points to an epidemic beginning in America and from there spreading to
Europe."
Such common sense apparently cuts no ice with American establishment
researchers and the gullible journalists who feed on their every word.
Believing absolutely in their evidence that AIDS did start with "the
1959 man" after eating an African monkey, the American researchers who
made the February announcement went further to suggest in the medical
journal Nature "that mass immunisation campaigns in Africa by the WHO
helped to spread the disease".
This forced Jose Esparza, the vaccine development adviser for UNAIDS
(the UN body that took over the WHO's AIDS programme) to defend the WHO:
"There has been no new evidence," he said, "to suggest that HIV was
significantly spread by the smallpox vaccination campaign. I still
believe that the big social changes of the 1950s brought the virus out
of the [African] jungle and into the cities. People moved more, tribal
customs changed and there was more sexual contact."
So Africans began to have more sex in the 1950s?
Nigel Hawkes, The Times' science editor, suggests the virus may have
infected human beings for the first time "probably in the late 1940s or
early 1950s". And to great effect, he adds:
"The disease was established for decades in Africa before it was recognised as a worldwide threat."
And yet, the many Europeans and Americans who flocked to Africa for
all these "decades" and had sexual contact with African women (and
sometimes men), did not contract the virus until AIDS started killing
Americans in the 1980s.
Back to this famous sample, there is incontrovertible evidence
showing that samples frozen for too long have a high tendency of giving
false positive results.
As Dr Rosalind Harrison wrote in New African in June 1997: "Evidence
that false positivity was a major problem in both stored serum samples
and samples taken for population studies for HIV in Africa was available
from the mid-1980s, but has been largely ignored.
"Claims that early tests were unreliable but those used now can be trusted are also untenable."
Writing about the same "1959 sample" in the medical journal The
Lancet in May 1986, 12 American doctors and scientists led by Dr A. J.
Nahmias of the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine (Atlanta) admitted the following:
"The place of origin of [HIV] is controversial but most workers have
suggested Africa. Most cogent to the issue has been the isolation of a
related virus from the African green monkey... Because of the importance
of this issue, we decided to test 1,213 plasmas obtained originally for
immunogenetic studies from various parts of Africa, of which 818 had
been obtained as far back as 1959.
"We appreciate that enzyme immunoessay (EIA) antibody tests on sera
or plasma frozen for many years can lead to false positive results. We
report here our approach to this problem and evidence for antibodies to
HTLV-III [later renamed HIV-1] or a closely related virus in one plasma
from Leopoldville (now Kinshasa, Zaire) in 1959."
Dr Nahmias' group said they used every sophisticated testing device
available at the time - including Abbott EIA kits, direct
immunofluorescence assay, Western blotting with peroxidase-labelled
reagent, and Western blot with radiolabelled protein. They reported:
"According to the manufacturers, any specimen that yields an optical
density (OD) on the Abbott EIA that is equal to or above the cut-off
value is positive. Of the 818 plasma obtained in 1959, 752 (ie 92%) were
positive using this definition while only 10% of the 277 plasmas
collected in the Congo in 1982 were positive.
"While this work was in progress, we learned from Dr Schable that
sera obtained by the American Red Cross which have an OD below 7x
cut-off value with the Abbott kit are rarely confirmed as positive.
"So we concentrated on trying to confirm tests on plasma with an OD
above 3x cut-off. None of the 1967 (Mozambique) or 1982 plasma, but 21
of the 1959 (Central Africa) plasmas fitted this category. A 10% sample
of plasmas with ODs in the range 1x to 3x were tested by
immunofluorescence, and all were negative.
"The 21 specimens were submitted to immunofluorescent microscopy and
Western blot ensymatic immunoassay. Only one was positive by both tests.
This plasma had an OD more than 7x cut-off value...
"We appreciate that when testing plasmas that were more than 25 years
old, we would need to confirm any ELISA positive specimen by as many
means as possible because of the risk of false positive reactions.
Confirmatory tests were performed on all ratios above 3...
"We have demonstrated that at least one individual from Central
Africa had been exposed to a virus similar to [HIV] more than a quarter
of a century ago. THE IDENTITY OF THE DONOR IS NO LONGER KNOWN [emphasis
New African's].
"Our results also suggest that the prevalence of [HIV] was very low
in Central Africa in 1959. No evidence of the infection was found in
sera taken in rural areas of the Belgian Congo or South Africa (1959),
Mozambique (1969), the Congo (1982)."
So what evidence did Nigel Hawkes, The Times' science editor, base
his assertion that "the disease was established for decades in Africa
before it was recognised as a worldwide threat".
One could also ask why Dr Nahmias group stopped short of a definitive
identification of the donor of the "1959 sample". By saying "the
identity of the donor is no longer known", means that at some point in
time his identity was known. What happened to his records? Were they
wiped out? By whom? And for what purpose?
Even if the physical records no longer exist, surely somebody must
have read them and known who the donor was. Was he black-African,
Arab-African, white-African or Asian-African? Or was he an expatriate?
Did anybody know him? Where are these people now? Can they be reached?
If the donor can be identified and his lifestyle examined, it will
help greatly in tracing the origins of AIDS. In the absence of this
"credible trace", any evidence pinning the origins of AIDS on Africa
will remain mere speculation.
As far back as 1991, there was evidence, again published in America,
showing that frozen samples were as reliable as the performances of the
English Cricket team.
In the July-August 1991 issue of the US Public Health Reports, seven
American doctors and researchers from the Public Health Service and the
National Institute on Aging's Gerontology Research Centre, led by Dr W.
Robert Lange of Baltimore, concluded definitively that frozen samples
were hugely unreliable.
Their findings came at the end of a study tracing some American drug
addicts whose blood samples, frozen since 1971-72, had tested positive
for HIV in 1985. Dr Lange's group reported:
"Serum specimens donated from a nationwide sample of parenteral drug
abusers during the period 1971-72 had previously been screened [in 1985]
for HIV antibodies. Some specimens were considered to be positive to
both ELISA and Western blot analysis.
"These findings have been a topic of controversy, since HIV was not
thought to have penetrated at-risk populations at such an early date.
This study was a follow-up of those [drug addicts] with apparent
seropositivity to Western blot analysis.
"Of 10 persons followed, only one death (in 1985) was documented, and
postmortem findings were inconsistent with HIV infection... The death
occurred in a motor vehicle accident in June 1985, 13 years and 10
months following the [donation of the sample in Lexington in 1972]. The
investigation carried out by the local medical examiner's office
included a complete postmortem examination.
"The weight of the patient at the time of death (87.7 kilos) was more
than 30% higher than his weight at Lexington (67.3 kilos). There was no
lymphoreticular changes at autopsy, and a thorough retrospective
analysis provided no evidence of either current substance abuse or HIV
infection.
"Eight of the remaining [drug addicts] were traced and found to be
alive and well in 1989 [some 17 years later]... The 1971-72 serum
specimens were not available for retesting.
"[But] the two patients with the strongest 1985 Western blot staining
patterns consented to retesting. Fresh specimens were obtained from
[them], and were found to be both ELISA and Western blot negative on
retesting. Their T-cell parameters were within normal limits...
"Of the seven addicts confirmed as living in 1989, none was reported
to be chronically ill. One subject was incarcerated, and his family
reported his health to be good."
This "miracle" (since AIDS is said to kill between 0-10 years after infection), led Dr Lange's group to conclude that:
"The earlier Western blot results [in 1985] were most likely false
positives and that definitive evidence of HIV infection in the US addict
population as early as 1971-72 is still lacking."
They added: "The reasons for false positivity are unclear but cross
reactivity with related retroviruses may be one possibility...
"The earlier false positivity could be the consequence of either the
state of the serum specimens or the test kit or assay employed. It has
been suggested that artifactual findings may occur as a consequence of
frequent thawing and refreezing of serum aliquots, and that frequent
refreezing might affect the physical properties and serologic
characteristics of the serum protein moieties."
So, now, can we take this as proof that freezing samples for a long time renders them unreliable for accurate HIV readings?
The "1959 sample" from Central Africa had been lying in the fridge
for 39 long years before the recent declaration that it was the mother
of all AIDS. And don't forget that the Lexington samples that fooled the
American researchers in 1985 had been frozen for only 13 years (from
1972 to 1985).
Therefore, how reliable is the recent "evidence" blaming the "1959
sample" for starting the AIDS epidemic? If samples frozen for only 13
years give unreliable results, isn't it puzzling that a sample frozen
for 39 long years can give accurate readings?
For an informed answer, we must go back to Dr Rosalind Harrison's
June 1997 article in New African. These days, she wrote, "even 'normal'
science does not function independently of its social, economic and
political context.
"The days of the independent scientist conducting experiments in the
study at home are long gone, and the political and economic priorities
of government and industry now largely determine the allocation of
funds.
"And, as scientists bring into their work their own particular
cultural baggage, so too the results of their work are expected to
conform with the prevailing cultural norms or vested interests.
"From the beginning of the epidemic, the political aspects of AIDS
have been exceptionally prominent... Such is the murkiness of AIDS
science..."
In short, we can all go to sleep safely in our beds with the
knowledge that the February announcement is another "political" evidence
being used to blame Africa for the origins of AIDS.
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